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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. The Relativity Paper and the "Light Quantum Galina Weinstein. A short summary of this paper. The Relativity Paper and the "Light Quantum. Einstein's relativity paper was received by the Annalen der Physik at the end of June and Planck was the first scientist to notice Einstein's relativity theory and to report favorably on it.
In the relativity paper Einstein used a seemingly conventional notion, "light complex", and he did not invoke his novel quanta of light heuristic with respect to the principle of relativity. He chose the language "light complex" for which no clear definition could be given. But with hindsight, in Einstein made exactly the right choice not to mix concepts from his quantum paper with those from his relativity paper. He focused on the solution of his relativity problem, whose far-reaching perspectives Planck already sensed.
Very far from the origin of K, there is a source of electromagnetic waves. Einstein asks: What characterizes the waves when they are examined by an observer at the same point 0, but at rest in the system k? Einstein applies the Lorentz transformation and transformation equations for electric and magnetic fields to the equations of the plane electromagnetic wave with respect to K. Einstein then obtains the transformation of the energy of light rays. However, says Einstein, this is not the case.
Einstein thus instead considers a spherical surface of radius R moving with the velocity of light; a, b, and c are the direction-cosines of the normal to the light in the system K. Einstein is interested in the light energy enclosed by the light surface. No energy passes outside through the surface of the spherical light surface, because the surface and the light wave both travel with the velocity of light.
Einstein calculates the amount of energy enclosed by this surface as viewed from the system k, which will be the energy of the light complex relative to the system k. John Stachel says that this formula corresponds to that of the light quantum hypothesis, and in hindsight this supplies extra evidence for the later hypothesis. Rynasiewicz adds that "What he does not draw attention to there is the intimate relation of this result to the relative character of simultaneity".
It lays among the elementary particles of matter, among all the planets, stars and galaxies. All these levels are mutually interconnected, depending on each other, and changing in perfect, but not discovered yet synchrony. That is the reason why it is impossible to register any kind of variation in the speed of light, due to the motion of the Earth together with the surrounded time-spatial domain around the Sun.
At an entrance toward the increasing intensity of the gravitational field of the time-spatial domain surrounded the Earth, the photons are losing energy, which is absorbing and accumulating by the gravitational field.
This experiment proves that the speed of light decreases, when the electromagnetic signals pass through a stronger gravitational field. This difference of the speed of light corresponds to the linear speed of the Earth at this latitude [see subsection 4. It means that the speed of light is not the same in all frames of reference. The Uncertainty in the Macro-World The characteristics of the electromagnetic field are changing together with the change of the gravitational field intensity; the properties of the atoms are also changing; all the units and constants are changing… all the physical reality is changing in synchrony in still undiscovered way.
We can receive information from the Universe only by means of the electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic signals travel to the Earth during uncertain period of changing time, cover uncertain distance of warped space at uncertain speed. Thus, the values of all the local physical constants will be measured the same too, because the units of time and length will exactly differ in correspondence to the intensity of the gravitational field in these time-spatial domains. As a result, all the local physical units and physical constants will vary in synchrony, and we will not be able to register whatever change.
This is because the electromagnetic radiation is a vibration, which occurs at the quantum level and does not depend on the speed of the body to which the atom belongs the atom which emits or absorbs the photons. Paragraph 3 The measured velocity of the electromagnetic radiation in areas with equal gravitational field intensity is not the same for all the reference systems. Mathematically, in areas with equal gravitational intensity, the relationship between the readings in the different reference systems is expressed through Galilean transformations - it is a subject of Newtonian mechanics.
The speed of the electromagnetic radiation in vacuum changes when passes through the areas with different intensity of the gravitational field. In more details, the speed of the electromagnetic radiation increases in areas with weaker gravitational field and decreases in areas with stronger gravitational field. This fact is actually proved by Shapiro time-delay effect. Paragraph 2 The properties of atoms photon emission and absorption are different in areas with different intensity of the gravitational field.
This is so, because the electromagnetic field exists on the gravitational field. The logical consequence is not only the fact that the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation frequency, wavelength, speed change when the photons are passing through the areas with different intensity of the gravitational field, but also the properties of atoms change in areas with different intensity of the gravitational field.
These statements give a genuine explanation of the results of all the experiments related to the measurement of the speed of light. Using GPS, Kelly [12] show that a light signal takes The transmitter, the receiver and the propagation path the path of light are located in a time-spatial domain with equal intensity of the gravitational field on the surface of the Earth.
The distance on the ground surface between station A and station B is equal to D. According to [see subsection 3. The light source, collimator, beam-splitter, light pencils and 4 mirrors of the interferometer Fig. Description of the experiment: A monochromatic light beam is split and the two beams are designed to follow the same path but in opposite directions around a polygonal mirror course.
The two recombined beams are then focused on a photographic plate, permitting measurement of fringe shifts with a high accuracy, as was described by Sagnac [2]. The observed effect is that the displacement of the interference fringes is changing with the change of the velocity of the disk rotation.
This property of space experimentally characterizes the luminiferous aether. The plane of the disk represents the x,y plane and the origin of the DCI coordinate frame is the center of the disk. Examination of the Sagnac's experiment in the frame of reference related to the space itself — in the so named DCI frame of reference: According to [subsection 3.
However, all the apparatuses mounted on the spinning disc are rotating moving in the stationary DCI frame of reference. The two light beams travel in opposite directions. Therefore, in this frame of reference, the pathlengths, which the two light beams actually cover in the space, are different. Thus, the pathlength of one of the light beams is shortening and the pathlength of the light beam which travels in the direction of the disk rotation is extending.
As a result of the change of the pathlengths of the two light beams due to the different velocities of the disk rotation - different phases between the two beams are created.
Examination of the Sagnac's experiment in the frame of reference related to the rotating disk: In this frame of reference, the mirrors, light source and photographic plate are stationary and the pathlengths of the beams the distances among the mirrors are not changing when the disk is rotating. Therefore, the conclusion for this frame of reference is that the displacement of the interference fringes is due to the change of the speed of the two light beams, which in turn is dependent on the velocity of the disk rotation.
For that purpose, we can examine a simple ring interferometer a single fiber-optic coil mounted on the rotating disk. The two light beams are travelling in opposite directions in the same fiber optic circle. Each point of the optical circuit moves during the rotation at a linear speed equal to R. After subtraction: , where In this way it is clear that the derivation of the equation commonly seen in the analyses of rotation, is in accordance with the above mentioned thesis about the behavior of the electromagnetic radiation Nowadays, the result of this experiment has very significant implications and applications in the practice.
Actually, it is irrefutable evidence about the invalidity of the special theory of relativity… That is why it is understanding that these evidences do not match with the opinion of the orthodox part of the physical society… 4. For James Clerk Maxwell and other scientists of the time, the answer was that the light traveled in a hypothetical medium called luminiferous ether.
Albert Michelson designed experimental apparatus later known as a Michelson interferometer and made his first experiment in , in order to determine the change of the speed of light due to the motion of the Earth through the stationary luminiferous ether.
However, the expected shifts of the interference fringes were not observed. Albert Michelson, with the collaboration of Edward Morley, constructed a new improved interferometer. As in the first experiment, the improved interferometer uses two-way path of light propagation on two perpendicular arms.
But by using multiple mirrors, the light pathlength was about 10 times longer. The light was repeatedly reflected back and forth along the arms of the interferometer, increasing the light pathlength to 11m. At the pathlength of 11m, the expected shift should have been about 0. To eliminate thermal and vibration effects, the Michelson and Morley's interferometric apparatus was assembled on the top of a large block of sandstone, about a foot thick and five feet square, which was then floated in a pool of mercury.
Although repeated over the next 40 years with even greater precision, this experiment proved the same negative result and earned Michelson the Nobel Prize in This is because the difference in the speed of light in the two directions for each arm is completely compensated.
A beam of light was split in half and the two beams are sent in opposite directions in an evacuated tube. Mirrors located in each corner of the rectangular are reflecting the two beams. When the two beams were reunited, they were out of phase. Light from a carbon arc was divided at one corner by a thinly coated mirror into direct and reflected beams, which were reflected around the rectangle by mirrors and corners.
Let us examine in details the movement of the two beams fig. All the parts of the pipe line with the mirrors , are moving with the linear velocities of the latitudes corresponding to their location. Since the experience was carried out in the northern hemisphere, the linear velocity of the mirrors A and B located at the South side of the rectangle will be higher than the linear velocity of the mirrors C and D the Northern side. In the system related to the space itself in the stationary ECI frame of reference.
In this reference system where the speed of light is constant , the two beams cover different total travel- paths, due to the different advance movement of the mirrors located on the southern and northern latitude, during the travel-time of the beams.
This is because the linear velocity of the mirrors on the south side is higher. Actually, this is the interference fringes displacement. In the frame of reference related to the Earth's surface: The two beams are moving in opposite directions and cover the same total travel-path. However, this difference in the speeds of the beams will be higher on the South side in comparison with this difference on the North side, due to the higher linear speed of the Earth's surface at the South side.
As a result, the two beams are out of phase when they return in the point A. The successful completion of this experiment was reported with the final displacement, expressed as a fraction of a fringe: 0. The outcome of the experiment was that the angular velocity of the Earth as measured by astronomy was confirmed to within measuring accuracy.
The ring interferometer of the Michelson-Gale experiment was not calibrated by comparison with an outside reference which was not possible, because the setup was fixed to the Earth. The second reason is the lack of understanding the physical reality that the electromagnetic field exists on the gravitational field.
It means that the properties of atoms and the characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation what means and the speed of light , depend on the intensity of the gravitational field. The hypothetical medium which supports the transmission of the electromagnetic waves turns out to be the space-time itself. Not least as a reason for supporting this delusion is the dominant orthodox part of the scientific community for more than one century.
The final conclusion about the special theory of relativity is: The Special Theory of Relativity is only an imaginary hypothesis, which does not correspond to a physical reality - therefore, the Special Theory of Relativity is a delusion. The mathematical equation most often expresses the relationship between the given variables, some of them known a, b, c, d, The process of expressing the unknowns in an equation or system of equations, in terms of the known ones, is called solving the equation or the system of equations.
Here, we must realize be aware that the physical equations are based on the assumption that the units of the measurement systems are constants. In such a way, the use of the equality sign between the two expressions is correct. Note: However, the units of the measurement systems are constants, but only in a local physical area, where the intensity of the gravitational field is constant in time-spatial domains with equal intensity of the gravitational field [6].
One correct example: If we calculate tension in a piece of material caused by a force, we use units of a measurement system, which are defined in the time-spatial domain outside the material body.
As a result, we can say that the physical equations for the tension calculation are correct the use of the equality sign is correct. The field equations themselves express the change of the units of time and length. That is why, the equations cannot be subjected to mathematical solving directly. Brief analysis of the Einstein's modified field equation: 6. Therefore The EFE can then be interpreted as a set of equations representing how matter and energy determine the curvature of space-time, or how the units in particular time-spatial domain are changing by the matter and energy.
But as any physical equation, the expressions on both sides of the equation have to be written on the base of the same, unchangeable measurement units. But not only the speed of light - all the physical constants change depending on the intensity of the gravitational field.
However, all the local units change with the change of the intensity of the gravitational field [6]. For example, this also applies to Maxwell's equations, which are irrefutably true in our and in any local physical area with equal intensity of the gravitational field where the units of measurement are defined The General Theory of Relativity has an extremely grate contribution to the humankind - opens a new page, a new vision of global relativity in the Universe. Einstein A.
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